17th-century jurist John Selden's aphorism:
Equity is a roguish thing: for law we have a measure, know what to trust to; equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is larger or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure we call a foot, a Chancellor's foot; what an uncertain measure would this be? One Chancellor has a long foot, another a short foot, a third an indifferent foot: 'tis the same thing in a Chancellor's conscience.[21]
即,根本的信仰是法条还是正义。大陆法只相信法条,而普通法相信的是正义。由此造成很多重大的区别:
1)在大陆法系统下,无法条不判决,甚至不立案,无主张,不救济;而在普通法系统下,救济是法律的义务,任何主张都可以诉诸司法,从而得到检验,靠案例推动司法发展;
2)大陆法区别不同的主体有不同的权利,这在法理上给特权和阶级划分提供了理论依据。也给进一步的修订立法改革造成了更大的困难,因为既有权利阶层不会轻易让步,法学家们提供的法理往往远不足以改变现有的利益安排。
3)奇怪的是,大陆法的法理追求的是结果正义,所有法条和程序的规定是为了实现权力的结果;普通法追求的是规则正义,必须对所有的主体都一律平等。然而,似乎结果正好相反,在普通法下司法的结果正义体现得更充分,而大陆法则似乎经常陷于法理困境。到底是什么原因造成的呢?