Articles of Bartholomew Roberts[edit]
Bartholomew Roberts' Articles were similar (but not identical) to those of his former Captain, Howell Davis. In turn, Roberts' Articles influenced those of pirates such as Thomas Anstis who served under him and later went their own way.
I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.
II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment. If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.
III. No person to game at cards or dice for money.IV. The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck.V. To keep their piece, pistols, and cutlass clean and fit for service.VI. No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death; (so that when any fell into their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies, who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)VII. To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.VIII. No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword and pistol. (The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation, accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to back, at so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately (or else the piece is knocked out of their hands). If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is declared the victor who draws the first blood.)IX. No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds. If in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.X. The Captain and Quartermaster to receive two shares of a prize: the master, boatswain, and gunner, one share and a half, and other officers one and quarter.XI. The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without special favour.
Articles of John Phillips[edit]
Captain John Phillips, captain of the Revenge, also set a code for his men in 1724:
I. Every Man Shall obey civil Command; the Captain shall have one full Share and a half of all Prizes; the Master, Carpenter, Boatswain and Gunner shall have one Share and quarter.II. If any Man shall offer to run away, or keep any Secret from the Company, he shall be marooned with one Bottle of Powder, one Bottle of Water, one small Arm, and Shot.III. If any Man shall steal any Thing in the Company, or game, to the Value of a Piece of Eight, he shall be marooned or shot.IV. If any time we shall meet another Marooner that Man shall sign his Articles without the Consent of our Company, shall suffer such Punishment as the Captain and Company shall think fit.V. That Man that shall strike another whilst these Articles are in force, shall receive Moses’ Law (that is, 40 Stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.VI. That Man that shall snap his Arms, or smoke Tobacco in the Hold, without a Cap to his Pipe, or carry a Candle lighted without a Lanthorn, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former Article.VII. That Man shall not keep his Arms clean, fit for an Engagement, or neglect his Business, shall be cut off from his Share, and suffer such other Punishment as the Captain and the Company shall think fit.VIII. If any Man shall lose a Joint in time of an Engagement, shall have 400 Pieces of Eight ; if a Limb, 800.IX. If at any time you meet with a prudent Woman, that Man that offers to meddle with her, without her Consent, shall suffer present Death.
Articles of Edward Low and George Lowther[edit]
The articles listed below are attributed by the Boston News-Letter to Captain Edward Low. The first eight of these articles are essentially identical to those attributed to pirate captain George Lowther by Charles Johnson. Since Lowther and Low are known to have sailed together from about New Year's to May 28, 1722, it is probable that both reports are correct and that Low and Lowther shared the same articles, with Low's two extra articles being an ordinance, or amendment, adopted after the two crews separated.
I. The Captain is to have two full Shares; the Quartermaster is to have one Share and one Half; The Doctor, Mate, Gunner and Boatswain, one Share and one Quarter.II. He that shall be found guilty of taking up any Unlawful Weapon on Board the Privateer or any other prize by us taken, so as to Strike or Abuse one another in any regard, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall see fit.III. He that shall be found Guilty of Cowardice in the time of engagements, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.IV. If any Gold, Jewels, Silver, &c. be found on Board of any Prize or Prizes to the value of a Piece of Eight, & the finder do not deliver it to the Quarter Master in the space of 24 hours he shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.V. He that is found Guilty of Gaming, or Defrauding one another to the value of a Royal of Plate, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.VI. He that shall have the Misfortune to lose a Limb in time of Engagement, shall have the Sum of Six hundred pieces of Eight, and remain aboard as long as he shall think fit.VII. Good Quarters to be given when Craved.VIII. He that sees a Sail first, shall have the best Pistol or Small Arm aboard of her.IX. He that shall be guilty of Drunkenness in time of Engagement shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and Majority of the Company shall think fit.X. No snapping of Guns in the Hold.
Articles of John Gow[edit]
A set of articles written in John Gow's own hand was found aboard his ship, the Revenge (née George), in 1729.[9] Article IV's reference to no going ashore "till the ship is off the ground" suggests that the Revenge was already grounded when the articles were written, only days before Gow and his men were captured. The code states as follows:
I. That every man shall obey his commander in all respects, as if the ship was his own, and as if he received monthly wages.II. That no man shall give, or dispose of, the ship's provisions; but every one shall have an equal share.III. That no man shall open, or declare to any person or persons, who they are, or what designs they are upon; and any persons so offending shall be punished with immediate death.IV. That no man shall go on shore till the ship is off the ground, and in readiness to put to sea.V. That every man shall keep his watch night and day; and at the hour of eight in the evening every one shall retire from gaming and drinking, in order to attend his respective station.VI. Every person who shall offend against any of these articles shall be punished with death, or in such other manner as the ship's company shall think proper.
Articles of Henry Morgan and other buccaneers[edit]
Exquemelin writes in general terms about the articles of late 17th century Caribbean buccaneers. Although he does not attribute these articles to any specific buccaneer captain, Exquemelin almost certainly sailed with Henry Morgan as a physician, and thus his account likely reflects Morgan's articles more accurately than any other privateer or buccaneer of the time.
Exquemelin writes that the buccaneers "agree on certain articles, which are put in writing, by way of bond or obligation, which every one is bound to observe, and all of them, or the chief, set their hands to it." Although Exquemelin does not number the articles, the following approximately reflects his description of the buccaneers' laws:
I. The fund of all payments under the articles is the stock of what is gotten by the expedition, following the same law as other pirates, that is, No prey, no pay.II. Compensation is provided the Captain for the use of his ship, and the salary of the carpenter, or shipwright, who mended, careened, and rigged the vessel (the latter usually about 150 pieces of eight). A sum for provisions and victuals is specified, usually 200 pieces of eight. A salary and compensation is specified for the surgeon and his medicine chest, usually 250 pieces of eight.III. A standard compensation is provided for maimed and mutilated buccaneers. "Thus they order for the loss of a right arm six hundred pieces of eight, or six slaves ; for the loss of a left arm five hundred pieces of eight, or five slaves ; for a right leg five hundred pieces of eight, or five slaves ; for the left leg four hundred pieces of eight, or four slaves ; for an eye one hundred pieces of eight, or one slave ; for a finger of the hand the same reward as for the eye.IV. Shares of booty are provided as follows: "the Captain, or chief Commander, is allotted five or six portions to what the ordinary seamen have ; the Master's Mate only two ; and Officers proportionate to their employment. After whom they draw equal parts from the highest even to the lowest mariner, the boys not being omitted. For even these draw half a share, by reason that, when they happen to take a better vessel than their own, it is the duty of the boys to set fire to the ship or boat wherein they are, and then retire to the prize which they have taken."V. "In the prizes they take, it is severely prohibited to every one to usurp anything, in particular to themselves. ... Yea, they make a solemn oath to each other not to abscond, or conceal the least thing they find amongst the prey. If afterwards any one is found unfaithful, who has contravened the said oath, immediately he is separated and turned out of the society."
九套完整或几乎完整的海盗文章幸存下来,主要来自查尔斯·约翰逊于 1724 年首次出版的《海盗通史》,以及海军部法院在海盗审判中保存的记录。[2] 亨利·摩根的部分代码保存在亚历山大·埃克梅林(Alexandre Exquemelin)1678年出版的《美国海盗》(The Buccaneers of America)一书中。众所周知,许多其他海盗都有文章;17世纪后期的乔治·库萨克和尼古拉斯·克拉夫的文章也完好无损地幸存下来。很少有海盗文章幸存下来的部分原因是,濒临被俘或投降的海盗经常烧毁他们的文章或将它们扔到船外,以防止这些文件在审判中被用来对付他们。[2]
1936年Pac-Kups“Jolly Roger Pirates”交易卡组的“签名文章”
巴塞洛缪·罗伯茨的文章[编辑]
巴塞洛缪·罗伯茨的文章与他的前船长豪威尔·戴维斯的文章相似(但不完全相同)。反过来,罗伯茨的文章影响了托马斯·安斯蒂斯等海盗,他们在他手下服役,后来走自己的路。
I。每个人都在当下事务中拥有投票权;对随时被没收的新鲜食品或烈性酒具有同等的所有权,并且可以随意使用它们,除非稀缺(在它们中并不少见)使得为了所有人的利益而有必要投票裁员。
II. 每个人都应该被公平地轮流称为奖品,因为(除了他们应有的份额)他们在这些场合允许换衣服:但如果他们欺骗公司到价值一美元的盘子、珠宝或金钱,那么流浪就是他们的惩罚。如果抢劫只是彼此之间的冲突,他们满足于割开他有罪的耳朵和鼻子,把他放在岸上,不是在无人居住的地方,而是在某个地方,在那里他肯定会遇到困难。
三、没有人为了钱而玩纸牌或骰子。
四、晚上八点钟熄灭的灯和蜡烛:如果船员在那一小时之后仍然倾向于喝酒,他们要在露天甲板上喝酒。
五.保持他们的零件、手枪和弯刀清洁并适合维修。
六、不允许有男孩或女人在他们中间。如果发现任何男人勾引后一种性别,并伪装将她带到海上,他将遭受死亡;(这样,当任何人落入他们的手中时,就像在昂斯洛偶然发生的那样,他们立即在她身上放了一个哨兵,以防止如此危险的分裂和争吵工具造成的不良后果;但这就是流氓;他们争论谁应该成为哨兵,这通常发生在最大的恶霸之一身上, 为了保证夫人的美德,除了他自己,不会让任何人对她撒谎。
七、在战斗中擅自弃船或居所的,处以死刑或流浪。
八、船上不打对方,但每个人的争吵都要在岸上结束,在剑和手枪下结束。(当双方不达成任何和解时,船上的军需官以他认为适当的方式陪同他们上岸,并以如此多的步距离将争端者背靠背转过来;根据命令,他们立即转身开火(否则这块棋子就会从他们手中被击倒)。如果两者都错过了,他们来到他们的弯刀前,然后他被宣布为抽取第一滴血的胜利者。
九、没有人可以谈论打破他们的生活方式,直到每个人都分享了一千英镑。如果为了这个原因,任何人失去肢体,或者在他们的服务中成为瘸子,他应该从公共股票中拿出八百美元,并且为了较小的伤害,按比例。
十一、音乐家在安息日休息,但其他六昼夜,没有一个没有特别的恩惠。
约翰·菲利普斯的文章[编辑]
复仇号的船长约翰·菲利普斯上尉也在1724年为他的部下制定了一个守则:
我。每个人都应服从公民命令;船长应拥有所有奖品的一份半;船长、木匠、水手长和炮手应有一份和四分之一。II. 如果有人提出逃跑,或向公司保守任何秘密,他将被一瓶粉末、一瓶水、一只小手臂和子弹困住。III. 如果任何人偷窃公司或游戏中的任何东西,价值达到八块的价值,他将被困住或枪杀。IV. 如果我们在任何时候遇到另一个马龙,该人未经我们公司的同意签署他的章程,将受到船长和公司认为合适的惩罚。五.在本条款生效期间,该人将打击另一个人,将在裸露的背部接受摩西律法(即缺少一条40条条纹)。六、凡折断胳膊,或在货舱里抽烟,烟斗不盖帽,或拿着点燃的蜡烛,不戴花絮的,应受到与前条相同的惩罚。VII. 该人不得保持其武器清洁,不适合参与,或玩忽职守,应切断其股份,并遭受船长和公司认为适当的其他惩罚。八、订婚时人若失去关节,应有四百件八;如果是肢体,800。九、若在任何时候与一个谨慎的女人见面,那个提出干涉她的男人,未经她的同意,将遭受目前的死亡。
爱德华·洛和乔治·洛瑟的文章[编辑]
下面列出的文章由波士顿新闻信归于爱德华·洛上尉。这些文章中的前八篇与查尔斯·约翰逊认为海盗船长乔治·劳瑟的文章基本相同。由于众所周知,劳瑟和洛是从大约新年到 1722 年 5 月 28 日一起航行的,因此两份报告很可能都是正确的,洛和洛瑟共享相同的文章,洛的两条额外条款是在两名船员分开后通过的法令或修正案。
我。船长将拥有两份完整的股份;军需官应有一股半;医生,伴侣,炮手和水手长,一个份额和一个四分之一。II. 在私掠船上拿起任何非法武器或我们拿走的任何其他奖品,以便在任何方面互相攻击或辱骂而被判有罪的人,将受到船长和公司大多数人认为适当的惩罚。三、在交战时被认定犯有怯懦罪者,应受到上尉和连队多数人认为适当的惩罚。IV. 如果在任何奖品的船上发现任何金、珠宝、银等,价值相当于八块,而发现者在 24 小时内未将其交付给军需官,他将遭受船长和公司大多数人认为合适的惩罚。五.被判犯有赌博罪或相互欺诈以达到盘子皇家价值的人,将受到船长和公司大多数成员认为合适的惩罚。六、不幸在交战时失去肢体者,应有六百块八肢,只要他认为合适,就留在船上。七、渴望时给予的好地方。八、先看到帆者,应有最好的手枪或小臂。九、在交战时醉酒者,应受到船长和公司多数人认为适当的惩罚。十.货舱里没有枪的折断声。
约翰·高的文章[编辑]
1729年,在他的船上发现了一组由约翰·高亲手写的文章,复仇号(née George)。[9]第四条提到“在船离开地面之前”不得上岸,这表明复仇号在撰写文章时已经搁浅,就在Gow和他的手下被俘前几天。代码声明如下:
我。每个人都应该在各方面服从他的指挥官,好像这艘船是他自己的,好像他每月领取工资一样。二、任何人不得给予或处置船舶的供应;但每个人都应有平等的份额。三、任何人不得向任何人开放或宣布他们是谁,或他们有什么图谋;凡如此冒犯者,应处以立即死刑。四、在船离地并准备出海之前,任何人不得上岸。五.愿人人日夜守望;晚上八点钟,每个人都应该从游戏和饮酒中退休,以便参加各自的车站。六、凡违反本条者,应处以死刑,或以船舶公司认为适当的其他方式处以死刑。
亨利·摩根和其他海盗的文章[编辑]
Exquemelin笼统地写了17世纪后期加勒比海盗的文章。虽然他没有将这些文章归因于任何特定的海盗船长,但埃克梅林几乎可以肯定是与亨利摩根一起作为医生航行的,因此他的叙述可能比当时任何其他私掠者或海盗更准确地反映了摩根的文章。
Exquemelin写道,海盗们“同意某些条款,这些条款以书面形式通过债券或义务的形式提出,每个人都必须遵守,并且所有人或酋长都动手了。虽然Exquemelin没有对文章进行编号,但以下内容大致反映了他对海盗法则的描述:
我。条款下所有付款的资金是探险队获得的股票,遵循与其他海盗相同的法律,即没有猎物,没有报酬.II. 船长使用其船只的补偿,以及修理、护理和操纵船只的木匠或船工的工资(后者通常约为 150 件,每件八件)。规定了规定和胜利的总和,通常为 200 件,每件 8 件。外科医生及其药箱的工资和补偿金是指定的,通常为 250 件,每件 8 件。三、对致残和残缺的海盗给予标准补偿。“因此,他们下令失去右臂六百块八,或六个奴隶;失去左臂五百块八,或五个奴隶;右腿五百块八,或五个奴隶;左腿四百块八,或四个奴隶;一只眼睛一百块八,或一个奴隶;对于手的手指来说,奖励与眼睛相同。四、战利品份额规定如下:“船长或总指挥官被分配给普通海员的五六份;主人的伴侣只有两个;和与其就业成比例的官员。在他们之后,他们从最高的水手到最低的水手画相等的部分,男孩们不会被省略。因为即使是这些人也抽取了一半的份额,因为当他们碰巧乘坐比自己的船更好的船只时,男孩们有责任放火烧毁他们所在的船或船,然后退到他们拿走的奖品上。五.“在他们获得的奖品中,严格禁止每个人篡夺任何东西,特别是对他们自己。...是的,他们庄严地向对方发誓,不潜逃,也不隐瞒他们在猎物中发现的最起码的东西。如果事后发现任何人不忠,违反了上述誓言,他将立即被分离并被赶出社会。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_code